The period announces, among other things, the transition of the economic world to a new regime of accumulation by renewing the technical system (TS) and its main productive force. This one is momentarily diffused by the ST and is the key of its access. To appropriate it is possible thanks to a multi-millennial practice of the human intelligence: the learning. During this transition, the world gives the image of a scene with demiurges and followers. The latter are by nature perfectible through the effort of learning. The Maghreb suffers from its distant economic entities. Its access to the emerging technical system is ransomed by its transformation into an economic space, obliged purpose, a promotion of the knowledge and a technological mastery. Prior to this comes the exercise of a coordination to improve its educational and learning system in joint ventures, including SMEs, in search of reinforced supervision (strategic vision, rational management, ICT) to co-evolve with future innovations and the globalized mind map by a collective learning in a world full of uncertainties. From this context, we can draw some lessons for the Maghreb, sadly trapped in its economic self-fragmentation despite a solid historical and cultural heritage and an awareness of the collective future.

The third contribution in this conceptual stream is proposed by Nnaoma Hyacinth IWU. His paper entitled "Can African Academic Knowledge Production Transform into Knowledge Economy for Global Market Competitiveness?  The debate on knowledge production in Africa raises serious questions among academics, as academic institutions have a compelling need to innovate in terms of technologies and human behaviors adapted to global competition. Emerging from the clutches of colonialism, postcolonial African scholars in the humanities and social sciences have accused European Enlightenment thinkers of universalizing knowledge expressed in the spirit of domination and using it as a reference to classify societies as developed, modern or underdeveloped and archaic. The problem lies not so much in identifying Euro-centric knowledge production, but in finding an appropriate theoretical model that can reorient knowledge production towards a knowledge economy of Africa. Caught in the trap of knowledge poverty and economic development, African scholars educated in the emerging Eurocentric development paradigm rationalize African failures to catch up on the basis of internal contradictions in accordance with Enlightenment thinkers. Unfortunately, Africa seems to be descending on an escalator that is going up, which pulls the demand for an academic program that can place Africa in the competitiveness of the global market down. Some questions emerge: Are African academic programs demand-driven? What kind of research methodology underlies research in Africa? How have African universities structured their evaluation criteria? Our point is to argue that the African historiographic explanation that has been detached from any positive contribution to humanity and scientific innovations is only part of the explanation. The substance lies in methodology and theory. The identification of an appropriate research methodology and theoretical model will not only domesticate existing technology, but will stimulate indigenous science and technology for competitiveness in the global marketplace. It is this gap that we want to fill in this article.

The third contribution in this conceptual section is that of Haouba and Djeflat entitled "Four levers of the knowledge economy and their impact on the priority sectoral axes of development in Mauritania", which puts forward the idea that the knowledge economy or the economy of the immaterial has been the subject, over the last three decades, of several studies linking knowledge and economic growth, including those of the OECD, UNDP, WB, and EU on the side of the large international organizations. On the research side, the first works that tried to conceptualize the knowledge economy took into account the contribution of the American economist Kenneth Arrow (1962), but through information and its obvious limits. More recently, works have attempted to conceptualize the paradigm of the knowledge economy (Stiglitz 1997, Lundvall, Foray) while others have envisaged it as a new engine of growth and development, notably through the "Knowledge for development" approach known in short as K4D (Dahlman, Rishard, Auber, Reiffers). In all these contributions, where pragmatism has dominated, due to the weight of international organizations, one essential element has been missing: the level of acceptance of economic actors who are often suspicious of the models proposed (or even imposed) by the North. This has not allowed the creation of a real "knowledge economy climate". Through an in-depth study of the case of Mauritania, the authors will attempt to identify a more appropriate approach to the dominant four-pillar model. They will show how important it is to closely link the major strategic axes chosen by the government to the appropriate model in order to gradually institute the knowledge economy paradigm in Mauritanian development policies.

In the second part, oriented towards the empirical dimension, the first contribution, that of Amina Zerdoudi raises the question of "The impact of the development of the knowledge-based economy on the competitiveness of Algerian exporting companies", but through the major actor of wealth creation: the company. More specifically, his study aims to assess the position of Algerian companies in the knowledge-based economy (KBE), which is perceived as inevitable to strengthen competitiveness and achieve economic development. The evaluation of the performance of Algerian companies is done through the four pillars of the knowledge-based economy. This evaluation is intended to shed more light on the real issues that the company must face to meet the requirements of competitiveness. To achieve its objectives, the author will rely on a field study that mobilizes a sample of twelve (12) Algerian exporting companies. The results of the study indicate that there is a positive average correlation between competitiveness and the knowledge-based economy and a positive and significant impact of KBE on competitiveness. The results of this study allow the author to provide recommendations to development policy makers in Algeria.

In the second contribution of the section, Samah Souleh raises the age-old issue of university-economic sector relations, knowing that the university is at the heart of the knowledge economy. It is one of the pillars and the higher education sector in Algeria has a strong need for change to ensure its development and continuity in the face of globalization. This inevitably involves the quality of education. Her paper entitled "Quality assurance in higher education in the context of the knowledge economy: the case of evaluation of the relationship between the university and the socio-economic sector", she shows the need for periodic self-evaluation via quality assurance tools. Taking the case of the Algerian University of Biskra, the author attempts to evaluate its relationship with its socio-economic environment via the quality assurance framework in a qualitative descriptive approach. This approach is based on the content analysis of the reports of the existing interaction structures at the university and on the author's experience as a manager of one of these linkage structures which gives him the status of a participant observer. The analysis of the results shows that the Algerian university and the university community must be aware of the challenges of the knowledge era and must make an immense effort to develop and maintain real links with the socio-economic sector.

Finally, the last contribution, that of Fethi Ferhane entitled "Digital transformation as a support to the emergence of the knowledge economy in Algeria: Examination of the issue from a sample of companies", the author notes At a time when the Algerian economy is increasingly open to international markets, thanks to economic partnerships with the European Union, and free trade agreements with Arab countries, Algerian companies are facing an increasingly exacerbated competition, which will inevitably result in failure for some, survival for others, and success for those who will take the train already on the move of the transformation. Using the Boston Consulting Group's Lars Fæste, Thomas Gumsheimer, and Matthias Scherer model as a process for implementing a successful digital transformation and a field survey involving a sample of 69 company managers operating in fifteen industries, he will examine the degree of digital transformation. Its results show that digital has not yet penetrated the strategic management sphere of these companies.